Since February 2022 I have wondered about the extremely limited field covered by the Danish decisions to rearm: purchase of stuff to the existing small forces and repair of worn-down infrastructure.
This especially when compared to the far broader and comprehensive rearmament from 1950 to 1954 in the first years of the Cold War that I studied as historian.
Part of the difference then and now is based on the very different and larger Alliance contributions in that early period. It consisted in professional education in U.S. courses for the Danish defence cadres, in a large-scale arms assistance and in the common Alliance infrastructure programs.
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Here I shall try to explain how I have concluded Danes now think about a future war, NATO and military defence following earlier and recent experience.
What I have extracted is considered painfully awkward and may not be a fully conscious understanding. However, to be changed, it must be confronted and proven as both incorrect and shameful.
Let me start with a to me chocking experience from the early 1980ties. Then I had been briefing Erhard Jakobsen, the party leader of the “Centre Democrats”, on the plans for the defence of the Denmark-North German Command (BALTAP) area.
During the briefing I had covered the combined land defence of the Schleswig-Holstein region by the combined forces of the powerful 6th German Mechanized Division, of very powerful German Local Defence formations, and of Danish Army Forces, centered on the Jutland Division and adding-up to fifty percent of the then Danish field army forces.
It was Jakobsen’s reaction that chocked me. He made clear that he did not accept that Danish Army forces could contribute with real defence power. Neither had he grasped that the forces of powerful Germany were now on our side.
He was deeply surprised when I made clear that Denmark had responsibility for a sector of the common NATO front-line defenses. He wondered how could think that Danish Army forces would contribute with military effect to the common deterrence and defence.
I shall come back to how Erhard Jakobsen’s views are important to understand what happens now.
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The classical Danish experience of wars and their implications is a divided in two.
Firstly the totally dominant view among Danish civilian intellectuals after the defeats of 1807, 1864 and 9. april 1940 was that the small power Denmark’s independent efforts at military actions were hopeless and a harmful waste of time and resources.
Secondly the experience of 1919, 1945, 1990 that in spite of a half-hearted Danish contribution, big friends would save us by sacrificing the necessary lives and other efforts.
Finally, the classical experience was supplemented in 1992-2012. Here Denmark felt good by contributing to great friend’s humanitarian and state building operations in the Greater Middle East. The contributions normally happened with nearly full political support that included groupings previously highly critical of anything military.
The contributions only employed personnel on volunteer contracts.
For thirty years conscription service was only used for attracting soldiers to sign service contracts. It was no longer used to create reserve units and soldiers, and twenty years ago all reserve elements were disbanded.
Thereafter no serving officer or NCO got personal experience with the creation and quality of conscript units. Neither had they experience with the planning and preparation of general, high-intensity war.
During the last 25-30 years the Danish Army cadre became convinced of the Anglo-Saxon dogma that contract manned units were far better that conscripted ones. It was a clear break with my generation that knew from experience that this is neither true or relevant in a situation, when mass and endurance in battle was essential when general war threatened and needed to be deterred.
The arrogant dogma was reinforced by regular soldier’s trade union and blocked the ability to learn from the past of countries like Finland or fighting Ukraine.
The blind dogma remains convincing to a generation of defence politicians with no or very short personal military training experience.
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Then the post-winter 2022-rearmament started.
Gradually resources were made available for an intensive military shopping spree buying everything from new rifles to a new future navy. Later money was found for repairing rotten infrastructure and for acquiring drones and their centrally organised testing. Drones were realised by both amateurs and professionals as essential in future conflicts.
It was also decided that conscription should be common for both/all sexes, more conscripts would be called-up and service time should be extended to a minimum of 11 months.
However, I have read no information indicating how the new conscription will be used beyond enhancing recruitment. I have no indication of any learning from the deep Danish conscription crisis in half-way through the Cold War. I have seen no indication of preparations for the creation of reserve units and a personnel replacement system. There is no indications that the current military legal and discipline code may need adjustment.
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On the basis of all this, I conclude as follows:
That there is no realization that the possibility of a major war with Russia soon is real.
That Denmark should therefore urgently prepare for that possibility as we did in the early 1950s (both military and civil defence). However, this is not seen or accepted. (NATO has also been dramatically undermined when the military defence mission of members was changed from common defence of the Alliance Area to initial defence of own member territory.)
That we have to use conscription again to create large reserved for the common defence of NATO area then. However, that notion is rejected.
That there is no chance that Danes or other Europeans with be saved by the U.S. this time. However, we chose to trust a miracle.
I conclude that rather than doing what is now urgently required, Denmark will respond to the threatening defeat of own and other small European forces at the eastern border in pragmatic adjustment to power as it did from 9. April 1940.
As Erhard Jakobson had always thought, Danes had no other options. He apparently considered his countrymen to be without honour and fighting spirit.
As a life lime, professional soldier and historian, I think otherwise. But what we have seen the last three years supports his view.
In SDU Rector Jens Ringsmose’s Ph.D.-thesis many years later, he indirectly confirmed Jakobsen’s view that the politicians considered the Danish Armed Forces’ contributions as rather irrelevant for Danish Security. The only important issue was the size of the Defence Budget. Its size should be large enough to prevent the U.S. Copenhagen Embassy from protesting publicly.